Notes

1) Congress Committee meeting, Calcutta - July, 1944.

2) Congress, Lahore session - 1929.

3) Young India: 1 6th March, 1931.

4) The commitment to linguistic states was first made at the Nagpur Congress session in 1920, but it was reaffirmed in Congress sessions held in 1921, 1927,1928,1937,1938 and 1945/6.

5) Constituent assembly - 9th December, 1946.

6) Constituent assembly - 9th December, 1946.

7) London - May, 1947.

8) Kapur Si ngh (I. C.S.): Sachi Sakhi

9) Anand Karaj15 the Sikh marriage ceremony. Sikh marriages were 'legal ised ' by the Br itish in 1909, by the "Anand Marriage Act".

10) A good, brief account is given in the Autumn 1984 edition of the Sikh Messenger in an article entitled: "Betrayal of the Sikhs", by Maj. Gen. J.S.Bhullar, S. Gurtej Singh and Prof. M. S. Sidhu.

11) "Punjab" means the "Land of Five Rivers"; namely these were Jehlum, Chenab , Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. At partition 3/5 of the real Punjab went to Pakistan and 2/5 to India. Partition not only entailed the trauma of millions being forced to leave their homes and moving to the 'unknown' but also resulted in the brutal deaths of tens of thousands.

12) Stephens: Unmade Journey p. 271

13) Even today 30 of Haryana is Punjabi-speaking and, of course, Southern States do not teach northern languages, like Punjabi, as second languages in their schools

14) See, for example, the article "The Guru of the Sikhs" in the June 1984 Special edition of the Khalsa.

15) Anandpur is the birth place of the Khalsa (13th April, 1699). The Sikhs gathered and agreed upon the resolution here in 1973.

16) Nehru: Glimpses of World History, p.22.

17) More details of the subsequent points can be found in the article "Betrayal of the Sikhs" (Bhullar et al.), in the autumn '84 edition of the Sikh Messenger.

18) The borders of Himacheal were extended in 1962 and annexed Bhakra Dan (on completion).

19) Actually, the resolution not only committed the Sikhs to fund the broadcasts themselves but also left the control of the broadcasts in the hands of the government!

20) In practical terms, "Sacred City" status would have meant that there were no butchers, barbers, tobacco or liquor shops in the vicinity of the Golden Temple.

21) Bhai Gurdas: Yar I, Pauri 29. (Bhai Gurdas helped Guru Arjan Dev to compile the Sikh Scriptures, the Adi Granth --- the precursor of the Guru Granth Sahib. Although the writings of Bhai Gurdas are not included in the Guru Granth Sahib, they were given the status of 'the Key to the Guru Granth Sahib' by Guru Arjan.)

22) Guru Amardas considered Langar so important that he insisted that everybody should partake of the Langar before seeing him; not even the Emperor of India, Akbar, was excused.

23) Three of Guru Teg 3ahadur's Sikhs who went to Delhi with him were put to death before him: Matidas was sawn in two, Sati Das was burnt alive and Dyal Das was boiled in water

24) After Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikh Scriptures -- Guru Granth Sahib --- became the eternal Guru of the Sikhs; the Spirit of Guru Nanak is now enshrined in it's holy words. (Khalsa: "The Guru of the Sikhs", Special Edition - June 1984)

25) This Hymn is by Kabir --- a contemporary Saint of Guru Nanak. While on his missionary travels,. Guru Nanak collected the writings of various contemporary Saints like Kabir, Farid, Yam Dev, Trilochan etc., whose writings were in accordance with Sikhism. These were incorporated into the Sikh Scriptures by Guru Arjan when he compiled the Adi Granth.

26) Although other pretexts were used to justify the execution, the fact that its real cause was the bigoted attitude of the Emperor is clear from Jahengir's autobiography. A translation can be found in the book by G.S.Sidhu: Guru Arjan Dev , p 18.

27) Guru Granth Sahib: Raga Haj, p, 142.

28) The idea of "Miri" and "Piri" is reflected in the two swords of the Sikh Emblem (Guru HarGobind always wore these two swords) and two Sikh flags in front of the Akal Takhat.

29) The 'Quit India' movement is the famous campaign launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress party against British rule in India.

30) Swami visited the Golden Temple on 25/6,/T April, 1984. His report on his visit is given in the appendix to the book Sub kuj kaputar noo gudhi te batohn dhe lalsa adheen, by Prof. Hehar-Chand Bhardwaj.

31) The SGPC (Shromani Gurdwara Parbandak Committee) 15 the body which oversees the running of the major Sikh Shrines in Punjab.

32) RAN and IB are Indian intelligence agencies.

33) A particularly vicious incident took place at Chando Kalan, just inside the Haryana border on 13th September , 1981.

34) During the "rasta Rokho" (stop the roads) movement on the 4th of April, 1983, the police fired into the piles of bodies blockading the roads. An 8-hour road blockade resulted in 24 deaths.

35) There was a major wave of violence against the Sikhs in Haryana in mid-February, 1984. The attitude of this state's Chief Minister was one of, "that'll teach you a lesson".

36) Young India : 16th March, 193 1.

37) A catalogue of the major atrocities can be found in The Betrayal of the Sikhs, published by tne Sikh Ex-Servicemen and Intellectuals Forum, Chandigarh (p. 28-34). Amnesty International has also noted that, in India, it is a common practice for the police to torture and murder a prisoner and put it down as "killed in a police encounter."

38) South Asia Research: Vol. 4, no. 2 - November 1984.

39) Effectively, she sacrificed 2 of the population to win the votes of 85.

40) The "Satyarath Parkash" means 'Light of Truth'! The original work was due to Dyanand and slanders all religions --- Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism and Jainism --- the lot. Extracts can be found on pages 12 and 13 of reference 41.

41) Hindu-Sikh Conflict in the Punjab: causes and cure by Sathananthan et al, is published by the Transatlantic India Times, 8 Ashen Grove, London, SW 19. It is an authoritative account but suffers one major defect --- the authors insist on saying that Sikhism is part of Hinduism; this is probably because Guru Nanak was born in a Hindu family and because of the close cultural links between the two communities. The Sikhs would disagree with this contention --- it like calling Christians Jews.

42) Nirankaris are one of the movements which are Sikh-like in appearance but totally different, often the antithesis of Sikhism (ref: Khalsa: Special Edition, June 1984 --- "The Guru of the Sikhs"). By supporting such movements, the Arya Samaj hope to exploit the Sikh-like appearance of these groups and divide the Sikhs.

43) See for example The Invasion of the Golden Temple by Dr. Sukhbir Singh Kapoor or The genocide of the Sikhs by Chuhan Maluk Singh. There are also some interesting and illuminating articles in the Sikh Messenger, autumn 1984.

44) The date of operation Blue Star coincided with the anniversary of Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom. One of the main dates in the Sikh calendar when huge numbers of Sikh Pilgrims visit the Golden Temple. If this date was deliberately chosen, it will be yet another indication of the government's sinister motives.

45) Although the official death toll was put at several hundred Lord Hatch of Lusby, who went to Delhi in November to investigate the events puts the figure at "at least three thousand". Other civil-rights groups also estimate the figure to be several thousand.

46) The Peoples Union for Democratic Rights and the Peoples Union for Civil Liberties have published their findings in the report who are the Guilty? The Citizens for Democracy has published its findings in, Truth about Delhi Violence: report to the nation, by Rao, Ghose, Pancholi and Tarkunde.

47) See 46.

48) The concept of "Mur-jivda" or the "living- martyrs" was introduced by the Akalis in August 1983; it was a pledge to continue the struggle for the implementation of the Anandpur Resolution even if it meant sacrificing one's life. The formal vow was taken by both Longowal and Bhinranwale, along with a reported 125,000 Sikhs. In fact, the "Mur-jivda" oaths were taken under the 'jurisdiction' of Longowal, in his capacity as the 'dictator' of the agitation.